Unexpected output in Python can stem from logical errors, incorrect variable assignments, or data type mismatches. Utilize print statements, debugging tools, or unit tests to identify where the logic fails and correct it.

Troubleshooting unexpected output in a Python program is a critical skill that every developer must develop. When the output of your code does not match your expectations, it often indicates a logical error, incorrect variable assignments, or data type mismatches. To begin troubleshooting, incorporate print statements at various points in your code to monitor the flow of execution and the values of variables. This can help you isolate the section of code that is not functioning as intended. Additionally, leveraging Python’s built-in debugging tools, such as pdb, can provide a more systematic approach to identifying issues. With pdb, you can set breakpoints, step through your code, and inspect variable values in real-time, allowing for a more thorough investigation of your program's behavior. Unit testing is another effective strategy; by writing tests for individual functions, you can verify their correctness in isolation and catch logical errors early in the development process. Ultimately, the key to resolving unexpected output lies in a methodical approach to examining your code, understanding your logic, and using the right tools to help you pinpoint and rectify errors efficiently.